Paul Michael Bator (June 2, 1929 - February 24, 1989) was an American legal academic, Supreme Court advocate and expert on United States federal courts. In addition to teaching for almost 30 years at Harvard Law School and the University of Chicago Law School, Professor Bator served as Deputy Solicitor General of the United States during the Reagan Administration.
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Paul M. Bator was born in 1929 in Budapest, Hungary, and moved with his parents to the United States in 1939. He attended Groton School and received his A.B. summa cum laude from Princeton University in 1951 where he was valedictorian. He earned a master's degree in history from Harvard University in 1953 and graduated summa cum laude from Harvard Law School, where he served as editor of the Harvard Law Review. From 1956-57 he served as law clerk to Justice John M. Harlan II of the United States Supreme Court.[1]
Following a brief period of private practice at Manhattan firm Debevoise, Plimpton & McLean, Professor Bator began teaching at Harvard Law School in 1959. He became a full, Bruce Bromley Professor of Law in 1962 and from 1971-75 served as Associate Dean of the law school. While at Harvard, he published many articles, including his famous piece, "Finality in Criminal Law and Federal Habeas Corpus for State Prisoners," 76 Harv. L. Rev. 441 (1963), which described "how with reason we can arrive at just the reasonable balance between fairness and the need to attain finality in the criminal process."[2] He also co-authored the second (1973) and third (1988) editions of Hart & Wechsler’s “The Federal Courts and the Federal System,” a leading text on federal jurisdiction.[3]
In 1982 Professor Bator took a leave of absence from Harvard to become Deputy Solicitor General of the United States. He argued and won eight cases on behalf of the government at the Supreme Court, including Hishon v. King & Spalding, which held that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act applies to partnership selection at law firms;[4] Grove City College v. Bell, which applied provisions of Title IX of the Civil Rights Act narrowly;[5] Clark v. Community for Creative Nonviolence, which denied that protesters' First Amendment rights were violated by a law prohibiting overnight sleeping in Washington, D.C. memorial parks;[6] and Reagan v. Wald, which upheld the validity of currency restrictions imposed on travelers to Cuba.[7]
In 1984, President Ronald Reagan nominated Professor Bator to the United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit, but he withdrew his name due to illness.
Professor Bator returned to Harvard after his term as Deputy Solicitor General but in January 1986 he left to join the University of Chicago Law School as the John P. Wilson Professor of law. He simultaneously served as associate counsel with the firm Mayer, Brown & Platt, where he practiced appellate law. In his last Supreme Court appearance on October 4, 1988, he successfully represented the United States Sentencing Commission in a case challenging the latter’s constitutional validity.
In 1987, Professor Bator testified in support of Judge Robert Bork, whose nomination to the United States Supreme Court was rejected by the Senate. The same year, he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[8]
In June 1989, Harvard Law Review published tributes to Professor Bator by Professor David L. Shapiro, Professor Charles Fried and then-judge Stephen Breyer.[9] Fried characterized Professor Bator's teaching as "Mozartian," displaying "a brilliance, a clarity of intelligence, deployed with lightning speed and a distinctive style that was at once inventive and entirely apt" and described his briefs and arguments before the Supreme Court as "sonatas of reason."[10]
Following Professor Bator's death, the Federalist Society established the Paul M. Bator Award for young law professors. Each year, the prize is awarded to an academic who has demonstrated excellence in legal scholarship, a commitment to teaching, a concern for students, and made a significant public impact.[11]
| Year | Professor |
|---|---|
| 1990 | Stephen L. Carter |
| 1991 | Randy Barnett |
| 1992 | Geoffrey Miller |
| 1993 | Akhil Amar |
| 1994 | Robert P. George |
| 1995 | Jonathan Macey |
| 1996 | Michael Paulsen |
| 1997 | John McGinnis |
| 1998 | Paul Cassell |
| 1999 | Eugene Volokh |
| 2000 | John F. Manning |
| 2001 | John Yoo |
| 2002 | Roderick Hills, Jr. |
| 2003 | Adrian Vermeule |
| 2004 | Jonathan H. Adler |
| 2005 | Ernest A. Young |
| 2006 | Caleb Nelson |
| 2007 | Orin Kerr |
| 2008 | Saikrishna Prakash |
| 2009 | Nicole Stelle Garnett |
| 2010 | M. Todd Henderson |
| 2011 | Brian T. Fitzpatrick |
The award panel members are: Professor Charles Fried, Beneficial Professor of Law, Harvard Law School; Professor Michael W. McConnell, Director of the Stanford Constitutional Law Center; Eugene B. Meyer, President of the Federalist Society; Thomas E. Bator, son of Paul Bator; and a current student representative of the Chicago Chapter of the Federalist Society.
Professor Bator was survived by his wife, Alice Garrett Hoag Bator; sons, Thomas and Michael; and daughter, Julia.
Professor Bator was a member of the American Law Institute.